[330], There were aspects of Nazism which were undoubtedly reactionary, such as their attitude toward the role of women in society, which was completely traditionalist,[331] calling for the return of women to the home as wives, mothers and homemakers, although ironically this ideological policy was undermined in reality by the growing labour shortages and need for more workers. From 1921 to 1922, Hitler evoked rhetoric of both the achievement of Lebensraum involving the acceptance of a territorially reduced Russia as well as supporting Russian nationals in overthrowing the Bolshevik government and establishing a new Russian government. [49] Hitler saw Röhm's independent actions as violating and possibly threatening his leadership, as well as jeopardising the regime by alienating the conservative President Paul von Hindenburg and the conservative-oriented German Army. [67] Aristippus and his followers seized upon this, and made pleasure the sole final goal of life, denying that virtue had any intrinsic value. [68] Fichte promoted two options in order to address this, his first one being the creation of a Jewish state in Palestine so the Jews could be impelled to leave Europe. "The sociology of the NSDAP: The question of working-class membership." Hitler encouraged nationally supported projects like the construction of the Autobahn highway system, the introduction of an affordable people's car (Volkswagen) and later the Nazis bolstered the economy through the business and employment generated by military rearmament. (One dialogue, the Laws, instead contains an "Athenian Stranger.") In 1908, amongst the twenty-nine wealthiest German families with aggregate fortunes of up to 55 million marks at the time, five were Jewish and the Rothschilds were the second wealthiest German family. . While Europe was able to avert famine with international imports, blockades brought the issue of food supply back into European politics, the Allied blockade of Germany in and after World War I did not cause an outright famine but chronic malnutrition did kill an estimated 600,000 people in Germany and Austria. (1995). [296] In the 1920s and early 1930s, Communists and Nazis often fought each other directly in street violence, with the Nazi paramilitary organisations being opposed by the Communist Red Front and Anti-Fascist Action. Frontsoldaten: The German Soldier in World War II. The spread of Christianity throughout the Roman world, followed by the spread of Islam, ushered in the end of Hellenistic philosophy and the beginnings of Medieval philosophy, which was dominated by the three Abrahamic traditions: Jewish philosophy, Christian philosophy, and early Islamic philosophy. The rise of national socialism and the working classes in Weimar Germany. [265], In spite of their rhetoric condemning big business prior to their rise to power, the Nazis quickly entered into a partnership with German business from as early as February 1933. For more elucidation about this conception and its oversimplification, see: Renate Bridenthal and Claudia Koonz, "Beyond. Philosophy as we understand it is a Greek creation".[4]. [140] In 1921, Hitler had commended the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk as opening the possibility for restoration of relations between Germany and Russia by saying: Through the peace with Russia the sustenance of Germany as well as the provision of work were to have been secured by the acquisition of land and soil, by access to raw materials, and by friendly relations between the two lands. Nazism is a form of fascism,[2][3][4][5] with disdain for liberal democracy and the parliamentary system. [302] Hitler opposed free-market capitalism because it "could not be trusted to put national interests first" and desired an economy that would direct resources "in ways that matched the many national goals of the regime" such as the buildup of the military, building programs for cities and roads, and economic self-sufficiency. His theories were not well known by the time of Plato, however, and they were ultimately incorporated into the work of his student, Democritus.[37]. Skilled workers were in shortage from 1936 onward, meaning that workers who engaged in vocational training could look forward to considerably higher wages. The number of women in the workplace climbed throughout the period of Nazi control of Germany, from 4.24 million in 1933 to 4.52 million in 1936 and 5.2 million in 1938, numbers that far exceeded those of the Weimar Republic. Natural selection was deemed to favour the strong over the weak and the Nazis deemed that protecting those declared inferior was preventing nature from taking its course; those incapable of asserting themselves were viewed as doomed to annihilation, with the right to life being granted only to those who could survive on their own. Epicurus studied with Platonic and Pyrrhonist teachers before renouncing all previous philosophers (including Democritus, on whose atomism the Epicurean philosophy relies). In 1933, 581 members of the National Socialist Party answered interview questions put to them by Professor Theodore Abel from Columbia University. [119] He prescribed war as a necessity by saying: "War is the eternal form of higher human existence and states exist for war: they are the expression of the will to war". The philosophic movements that were to dominate the intellectual life of the Roman Empire were thus born in this febrile period following Socrates' activity, and either directly or indirectly influenced by him. Mühlberger, Detlef. The political doctrine ascribed to Plato is derived from the Republic, the Laws, and the Statesman. Islamic philosophers such as Al-Kindi (Alkindus), Al-Farabi (Alpharabius), Ibn Sina (Avicenna) and Ibn Rushd (Averroes) reinterpreted these works, and during the High Middle Ages Greek philosophy re-entered the West through translations from Arabic to Latin and also from the Byzantine Empire. Little is known about his life with any reliability, however, and no writings of his survive, so it is possible that he was simply a mystic whose successors introduced rationalism into Pythagoreanism, that he was simply a rationalist whose successors are responsible for the mysticism in Pythagoreanism, or that he was actually the author of the doctrine; there is no way to know for certain. [84] Unlike von Schönerer, Lueger was not a German nationalist and instead was a pro-Catholic Habsburg supporter and only used German nationalist notions occasionally for his own agenda. The middle class and middle-class values, bourgeois nationalism and capitalism, the professionals, the intelligentsia and the upper class were dealt the sharpest rebuff. He began from the observation that the world seems to consist of opposites (e.g., hot and cold), yet a thing can become its opposite (e.g., a hot thing cold). [107] Many Lamarckians viewed "lower" races as having been exposed to debilitating conditions for too long for any significant "improvement" of their condition to take place in the near future. All other tasks must cede precedence to the task of rearmament. [149], In its racial categorisation, Nazism viewed what it called the Aryan race as the master race of the world—a race that was superior to all other races. [57] After his rise to power, Hitler took a pragmatic position on economics, accepting private property and allowing capitalist private enterprises to exist so long as they adhered to the goals of the Nazi state, but not tolerating enterprises that he saw as being opposed to the national interest. [135] Throughout the relationship between Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, a number of lower-ranking Nazis scornfully viewed fascism as a conservative movement that lacked a full revolutionary potential.[135]. Nazi Culture: Intellectual, Cultural and Social Life in the Third Reich, p. 79. [59] At least twenty-nine of his treatises have survived, known as the corpus Aristotelicum, and address a variety of subjects including logic, physics, optics, metaphysics, ethics, rhetoric, politics, poetry, botany, and zoology. [255], The Nazi government continued the economic policies introduced by the government of Kurt von Schleicher in 1932 to combat the effects of the Depression. This is the Greek word for changing shape, usually into plants or animals, as in the novel by Kafka and the book of mythology by Ovid. Pyrrhonists dispute that the dogmatists – which includes all of Pyrrhonism's rival philosophies – have found truth regarding non-evident matters. Pyrrhonism places the attainment of ataraxia (a state of equanimity) as the way to achieve eudaimonia. [116] Spengler's conception of national socialism and a number of his political views were shared by the Nazis and the Conservative Revolutionary movement. "[260] This policy was implemented immediately, with military expenditures quickly growing far larger than the civilian work-creation programs. [309] In spite of their anti-capitalist rhetoric in opposition to big business, the Nazis allied with German business as soon as they got in power by appealing to the fear of communism and promising to destroy the German left and trade unions,[310] eventually purging both more radical and reactionary elements from the party in 1934. [139] Since the 1920s, the Nazi Party publicly promoted the expansion of Germany into territories held by the Soviet Union.[140]. [239][240] While the Catholic resistance was often anti-war and passive, there are also examples of actively combating National Socialism. [8] Günther applied a Nordicist conception in order to justify his belief that Nordics were the highest in the racial hierarchy. [45] By January 1933, the Nazi Party had secured the support of important sectors of German industry, mainly among the steel and coal producers, the insurance business and the chemical industry. 3 (1980): 493-511. Metamorphosis also works the other way around, so that human women can be changed into nymphs. Agreeing with Parmenides that there is no coming into being or passing away, genesis or decay, they said that things appear to come into being and pass away because the elements out of which they are composed assemble or disassemble while themselves being unchanging. 1–3. [232][233] The Nazis endorsed the pro-Nazi Protestant German Christians organisation. [34] After the elections of July 1932, the alliance broke down when the DNVP lost many of its seats in the Reichstag. The Nazis described the DNVP as a bourgeois party and they called themselves an anti-bourgeois party. [150] He believed that the vanishing of the Nordic component of the populations in Greece and Rome led to their downfall. Stackelberg, Roderick; Winkle, Sally Anne. [257] However, these policies and programs, which included a large public works programs supported by deficit spending such as the construction of the Autobahn network to stimulate the economy and reduce unemployment,[258] were inherited and planned to be undertaken by the Weimar Republic during conservative Paul von Hindenburg's presidency and which the Nazis appropriated as their own after coming to power. [251] Various work programs designed to establish full-employment for the German population were instituted once the Nazis seized full national power. [184], Nazism rejected the Marxist concept of class conflict, and it praised both German capitalists and German workers as essential to the Volksgemeinschaft. But the politicians of the Right deserve exactly the same reproach. [66] Pleasure is the only good in life and pain is the only evil. p. 252. The Nazis also regarded the Slavs as having dangerous Jewish and Asiatic, meaning Mongol, influences. [43] The Nazi Party had previously been financed almost entirely from membership dues, but after 1929 its leadership began actively seeking donations from German industrialists, and Hitler began holding dozens of fundraising meetings with business leaders. Nonetheless, movements which self-identify as National Socialist or which are described as adhering to Nazism continue to exist on the fringes of politics in many western societies. [53] Much of what is said about his doctrines is derived from what Aristotle reports about them. [134] Strasser criticised the policy of Führerprinzip as being created by Mussolini and considered its presence in Nazism as a foreign imported idea. [141] In his early years as the Nazi leader, Hitler had claimed that he would be willing to accept friendly relations with Russia on the tactical condition that Russia agree to return to the borders established by the German–Russian peace agreement of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk signed by Grigori Sokolnikov of the Russian Soviet Republic in 1918 which gave large territories held by Russia to German control in exchange for peace. [71] This was, however, not simple hedonism, as he noted that "We do not mean the pleasures of the prodigal or of sensuality . [102] Even before the laws were officially passed, the Nazis banned sexual relations and marriages between party members and Jews. [212] Although the law was applicable to both genders, German women were punished more severely for having sexual relations with foreign forced labourers in Germany.

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